Essay about Rhetoric Analysis of the Jungle - 809 Words

Rhetoric Analysis of an excerpt from The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Rhetorical devices are used to strengthen writing and add dimension. When used properly, they add layers of complexity to any prose as well as further evidence for an argument. No one understood this better than Upton Sinclair. Four strong rhetoric devices are periodicity, the Rule of Three, metaphor and rhetorical questions. Sinclair masterfully demonstrates these in a speech featured in his novel, The Jungle. Periodicity, also referred to as periodic sentences, is defined as long and frequently involved sentence in which the sense is not completely known until the last word. This is usually an exclamation or climactic sentence. Sinclair used this to†¦show more content†¦As illustrated in this quote: â€Å"Tonight in Chicago there are ten thousand men, homeless and wretched, willing to work and begging for a chance, yet starving and fronting in terror the awful winter cold.† This helps to establish that though more than three descriptors are used, they ha ve been grouped into three assortments. This is still easy for the audience to ascertain, while being immensely descriptive. Sinclair used metaphors to add further depth, descriptiveness and understanding to his writing. In this speech the author states, â€Å"feel the iron hand of circumstance close upon you a little tighter.† By this, he is referring to the injustice suffered by the laborers being a large, immovable hand virtually smashing them in its fist. This metaphor added an interesting twist and gave the speech goers a visual that made it easier for them to comprehend. Sinclair also demonstrates this by stating, â€Å"With the voice of those, who ever and wherever they may be, who are caught beneath the wheels of the Juggernaut of Greed!† Sinclair used this metaphor to highlight that even those brave enough to try and rise up are at time corrupted by greed. Another rhetoric device utilized by Sinclair in his writing was rhetorical questions. These are qu estions asked within a narrative or a monologue, which an answer is not necessary. The â€Å"answers† to the rhetoricalShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis of the Jungle Essay example872 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle The Jungle, being a persuasive novel in nature, is filled with different rhetorical devices or tools used by Sinclair to effectively convey his message. Sinclair’s goal of encouraging change in America’s economic structure is not an easy feat and Sinclair uses a number of different rhetorical devices to aid him. 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The aim of this section is to investigate whether a relationship exists between a number of independent variables and the perceptions of localRead More Postmodernist Features in Vonneguts Cats Cradle2907 Words   |  12 PagesPlay * Chance * Anarchy * Exhaustion/silence * Performance/Happening * Participation * Decreation/Deconstruction * Antithesis * Absence * Dispersal * Text/Intertext * Rhetoric * Syntagm * Parataxis * Metonymy * Combination * Rhizome/Surface * Against Interpretation * Misreading * Signifier * Idiolect * Desire * Mutant Read MoreEssay on Analysis of Balran Halwai from White Tiger by Aravind Adiga4521 Words   |  19 Pagesrepresenting the views of the author. In order to explore this issue further, the following research question is framed- â€Å"Is Balram Halwai is a rounded character or is he the mouthpiece of the author?† In an attempt to answer this question an in depth analysis of the novel was done. 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Stylistic Analysis “Toâ€â€ by Peter Shelley Free Essays

Language through Poetry: A Stylistic Analysis of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s â€Å"To —â€Å" A Stylistic Paper Presented to The Faculty of the Department of English Institute of Arts and Sciences Far Eastern University Manila In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirement for the Course Eng C 31—Introduction to Stylistics Osabel, Julla C. Panis, Kimberly Nicole S. October, 2012 I. We will write a custom essay sample on Stylistic Analysis: â€Å"To—† by Peter Shelley or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reaction and it’s effects on you II. Summary of the Text Percy Bysshe Shelley’s â€Å"To —â€Å" is one of his lyrical poetry—is a poem used to express feelings—ideally of the Romantic Era. In his poem, the poem is about an unrequited love—a term that is used when one person has strong feelings towards another that is not reciprocated. Or in other words, someone is in love with someone else who is not interested. It is also about realistic and complicated love, which means that the persona of the poem wants to express his emotions towards the addressee but he feared to show because in reality, he knew that it is impossible for them to be together, thus, this depicts the persona’s complicated feelings or emotions and the reality of their relationship to each other. The poem illustrates farewell and goodluck to the addressee. To summarize the poem, it is about a man who is in love with someone else or he secretly in love with, who is not interested. He wants to express his feelings to the addressee but he feared to express it, due to his complicated emotions, he chose not to say his emotions because in reality, the addressee will not love him back. Instead of obvious insisting his feelings towards the addressee, the man shows farewell and goodluck to the person he loved most. III. Stylistic Analysis A. Stylistic Tools Phonology Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. It has a phonological system of a language includes, an inventory of sounds and their features, and rules which specify how sounds interact with each other. In other words, Phonology is just one of several aspects of language. It is related to other aspects such as phonetics, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics (Sil, 2004). Hence, in Stylistic analysis, Phonology is one of the suited units of analysis in poetry. Basic Sound Patterns Sound devices are resources used by poets to express and emphasize the meaning or experience of poetry through the skilful use of sound. After all, poets are trying to use a focused blend of sound and imagery to form an emotional response. The words and their order should evoke images, and the words themselves have sounds, which can reinforce or otherwise clarify those images. Sound patterns have different elements that show the nature of poetry, and these are the following: 1. Alliteration C-V-C Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter or sounds at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals. e. g Dewdrops dancing on the drifting dust made for a dreary day. 2. Assonance C-V-C Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words. It is used to reinforce the meanings of words or to set the mood. e. g Try to light the fire. 3. Consonance C-V-C Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds by not vowel sounds. e. g Some mammals are clammy. 4. Reverse Rhyme C-V-C Reverse Rhyme it is the repetition of consonant and vowel sounds which happen at the beginning. e. g brainless, bracelet, brakeless 5. Pararhyme C-V-C Pararhyme is the repetition of of first and the last consonant sounds. e. g bat and brat 6. Rhyme C-V-C Rhyme is the repetition of similar sounds. In poetry, the most common kind of rhyme is the end rhyme, which occurs at the end of two or more lines. It is usually identified with lower case letters, and a new letter is used to identify each new end sound. e. g I saw a fairy in the wood, He was dressed all in green. He drew his sword while I just stood, And realized I’d been seen. 7. Repetition is anything that is repeated. e. g â€Å"goodnight goodnight, parting time is such a sweet sorrow that I shall say goodnight till it be morrow† — Romeo and Juliet, W. Shakespeare These sounds or elements of sounds are used by the poets to convey the meaning of the text. In this procedure, the poet or author strengthen the vividness of the imagery of the poem to discern its effects or significance of the text. Sound Symbolism Sound symbolism is the study of the direct relationship between the sound of an utterance and its meaning (Hinton, 1999). Sound symbolism is persistent among the world’s languages. Furthermore, sound symbolism plays a significant role in language, especially at the affective level. Essential to the study of cognitive poetics is the concept of sound symbolism, which has been defined differently by different authors but here refers to cases in which ‘a sound unit such as a phoneme, syllable, feature, or tone is said to go beyond its linguistic function as a contrastive, non-meaning-bearing unit, to directly express some kind of meaning’ (Nuckolls,1999). Jespersen (1922) made the claims that sounds that are suggestive of meaning (which he claims happens through association, not because a sound intrinsically has a specific meaning) ‘makes words more fit to survive and give them considerable help in their struggle for existence’. Mithun (1982) notes that, in many languages, ‘words for noises, animal cries, mental states, physical states, and actions, termed by Fudge ‘expressive vocabulary,’ seem particularly resistant to regular phonetic change’. She goes on to give the specific example of Iroquoian languages, where expressive terms are ‘characterized by special syntactic, morphological, and phonological patterns’. Expressive vocabulary and taboo words contain sounds that do not occur elsewhere. She also claims that expressive vocabulary in Iroquoian languages is imitative and therefore resistant to phonological change. While she does not make specific claims about certain sounds being related to certain meanings, her data suggest that phonemes do have a relationship to meaning in Iroquoian ideophones, but that relationship may be imitative rather than iconic or symbolic. The significance of sound, sound patterns and sound symbolism is that in terms of writing texts, particularly poetry, it helps the poets or writers convey the message of the text in implicit manner. This may add to the aesthetic effects of writing poetry while on the readers, the advantage is that, it helps them to understand, appreciate and feel the emotions of the text that the poet is trying to convey. Every sounds of the text has its meaning, whether it describe or gives emphasis to the text. B. Stylistic Tool/ Discussion of coding In this short phonological analysis it begins with the analysis of the sound pattern of the poem. In each sound pattern, it has shaded area where it shows the comprehensibility of the analysis after that, the researchers tabulated it to find the frequency and percentage form the least number of sound pattern used up to the most number of sound pattern used. Alliteration, Assonance, Consonance, Rhyme and Repetition To —- BY PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY One word is too often profaned For me to profane it, One feeling too falsely disdained For thee to disdain it; One hope is too like despair For prudence to smother, And pity from thee more dear Than that from another. I can give not what men call love, But wilt thou accept not The worship the heart lifts above And the Heavens reject not,— The desire of the moth for the star, Of the night for the morrow, The devotion to something afar From the sphere of our sorrow? As can be seen in the text, the most number of shaded sound patterns belongs to Rhyme. As rhyme pattering is concerned, two types of rhyme to be distinguished. First, in the first stanza of the text, the shaded rhyming words are rhyme has several syllables and the stressed rhyming syllable, which means that this type of rhyme is Feminine (Latham, 2010). While on the second stanza, same as in first stanza of the text, the shaded rhyming words are in feminine type expect from the first line of the 2nd stanza. (â€Å"love†), thus, it shows the masculine rhyme—single stressed syllable (Costa,2000). The least number of sound pattern used in the text is the Consonance. The sound /t/ occur once in the first and second line of the 2nd stanza. In this two lines practically all the consonants are plosives. To them is generally associated a sound of harshness and hardness (Costa,2000). The use of one masculine rhyme in text depicts the persona of the poem which is man†, while the remaining feminine rhymes depict the addressee, which is â€Å"woman†. The connection of those two types of rhymes that were distinguished in the text is that, the â€Å"man†, who is in love with the addressee (woman), but the addressee know nothing about the man’s feeling towards her. The use of one consonance in the text, ill ustrates the volume of hardness of the feelings to the persona to express is least. Therefore, it shows the persona’s attitude which is fearful of expressing his thoughts to the addressee and due to this, it is explained suitable for the theme of the poem—unrequited love. Figure 1. Sound Pattern Percentage Sound Pattern| Frequency| Percentage (%)| Consonance| 1| 5| Assonance| 3| 16| Alliteration| 4| 21| Repetition| 4| 21| Rhyme| 7| 37| TOTAL| 19| 100| As revealed by the number of percentage of the sound pattern used in the poem, Rhyme has the most number of percentages. This shows that rhymed stanzas are used in lyrical poetry. Traditionally, in romantic era, lyrical poetry use rhymed stanzas to convey or express strong feelings thus, the significant use of the it is that, it reveals the fusion of sound and sense in the poem. How to cite Stylistic Analysis: â€Å"To—† by Peter Shelley, Essay examples

Discount Stores WalMart VS Shopko Essay Example For Students

Discount Stores WalMart VS Shopko Essay Competitive Advantages in Discount Stores When you walk into Wal-Mart the first that that hits you is a display of household items that are point of purchase items. There tends to be laundry detergent, Kleenex, and toilet paper. These items are sometimes on sale and are usually the ones that people forget to put on their list. The store itself is very crowded, but the atmosphere is friendly. Most of the shoppers are in Wal-Mart to get low prices and a lot of variety. I agree that Wal-Mart has a lot of items, but the kinds of brands tend to be that of a lesser quality than you would find at Shop-Ko. It is easy to locate products and has large variety of brands. The parking is absolutely terrible, after all, how many handicap people are there? The only way to get fast checkout is by using the register in the garden center or film shop. Another advantage of Wal-Mart is that they have one-hour photo. Pulling up to the lot and seeing all of the cars is a major turn off! Wal-Mart products are the least expensive and they take pride in that. After all, their slogan is everyday low prices guaranteed. One question to ponder, why is there smoking inside Wal-Mart? This does not make sense and gives a lower class kind of image to the store. Wal-Mart has an optical center and a hair salon. An optical center does not seem out of league, but hair cutting in a discount store? That tends to make one think that the qualifications of the stylist may be discount also. To work at an optical center, there are strict restrictions in the trade. The outside of the store looks like a serve all kind of store. There is an automotive and garden center visible from the outside and when looking at the Wal-Mart sign you see a big yellow smiley face. K-mart and Shop-Ko must compete because they are usually the second choice to Wal-Mart. There are not nearly as many brands at K-Mart as there are at Wal-Mart, but there are groceries that help to make it a one-stop shop. Customers have always been K-Mart shoppers and that is why they continue to shop there. Customer service is right where you need it, and is accessible at almost any time. The traffic situation is not even an issue because there is plenty of front row parking. The aroma from the food court is a nice way to stimulate customer appetite for sales. Another advantage is that there is a nice little kiddy horse-go-round. When I was little, before Wal-Mart existed, my mom took us to K-Mart and if we acted on our best behavior we were allowed to ride the horses. When approaching K-Mart you notice the fast food places right outside, which would be ideal for a parent that has hungry children in the car. If mom or dad needs to stop off for a few things the kids get a treat too. Also they have the advantage of being located in a mini strip mall. Fashion Bug, Eagle/Osco, and the Dollar Tree are all very close. Shop-ko however seems to have the highest quality of products. This stored is designed for people that feel spending the extra money buys quality. They carry Paul Mitchell and Red Ken hair products at less than salon prices, and hair a wide selection of picture frames and candles. For students that are accustomed to shopping at Target, Shop-ko is a perfect alternative. Workers seem to bend over backwards, is it boredom or just great customer service? I do not know, but it pleases shoppers. The parking is another advantage Shop-Ko has over K-Mart Wal-Mart. .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 , .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 .postImageUrl , .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 , .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2:hover , .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2:visited , .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2:active { border:0!important; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2:active , .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2 .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u43fca82c4c0b416b8791a03ea3c790b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Yellow Wallpaper Essay Paper It does not share parking with anyone else. The addition of Payless Shoe Store contributes greatly to the needs of consumers. Payless has a good reputation among poor college students and should attract some students away from Wal-Mart. The outside of the building looks very new and well kept. 2.K-mart definitely has the competitive advantage as far as location. It is not the extra mile out of town and has other shops nearby. Unfortunately, Wal-Mart is superior .

The French And Indian War As A Cause Of The Americ Essay Example For Students

The French And Indian War As A Cause Of The Americ Essay an RevolutionAt the outset of the eighteenth century, the Ohio Valley can identified as the maincatalyst in triggering open hostilities between the French and the Americans. The Frenchoccupied parts of Canada but also wanted a stake in America. Its means to do this wasthrough the Ohio Valley it maintained. However, the colonists were bound to permeatethis area in their push towards the west. And as they did, competition for the lush landsflared up and came to a breaking point. This directly lead to the French and Indian Warwith the Indians, for the most part, siding with the French against Britain. The events andsentiments that took place during and immediately after the French and Indian War(1754-1763) were extremely important in contributing to the outset of the AmericanRevolution. By looking at the perspectives of the two diverging peoples, it is evidentthere is a strong contrast, which lead to increasing tensions. We will write a custom essay on The French And Indian War As A Cause Of The Americ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The intermingling of arrogant British redcoats and the proud colonial militiamenprecariously produced a strong mutual dislike and contempt. The majority of Britishofficers hated colonial service and took great care to avoid it. After all, America was astrange wilderness to them. The West Indies specifically were infested withdisease-carrying pests, and fevers were known to kill hundreds of men. Britains found thecolonists uncooperative and very reluctant to serve for their country. Religious minoritygroups especially opposed to war â€Å"could play hell with appropriations.† (Chidsey) Forexample, the Quakers absolutely would not fight to protect their very own homes andrefused to be taxed for a war because they thought, according to their religion, it wassinful. Most colonists altogether refused to contribute money. It was not until WilliamPitt offered to reimburse them a share of the money did they render some wealth, thoughnot much (Bailey 98). When American recruits finally dribbled in, they were primitive inmilitary customs. Some even deserted camp, and when they were seized and broughtback to camp, they were whipped. British General Braddock went so far as to forewarnhis soldiers of a penalty of hanging for the next that deserted him. The colonists, having always thought the British militia to be noble andindomitable, were shocked at their behavior. The almighty Redcoats were actuallyrunning and hiding in battle times when they should have proved valorous. The Britishwere probably embarrassed too over a childish rivalry between English generals WilliamJohnson and Governor William Shirley at Fort Albany. Competition arose because ofShirley’s greed for Indian allies, and neglecting Johnson simultaneously. Theyimmaturely wrote secret letters about each other, getting others involved and annoyed. Afactor also contributing to the disappointment of the colonists is how the Britishconsistently fought a European war instead of a new style war, partic ularly guerrillawarfare (based on sneak attack and using camouflage), which limited their success andsometimes determined failure. Impressment prevailed for part of the war, adding insult tooutrage. Impressment refers to the British sending â€Å"press gangs† from their warships tobring in mariners to serve in the British ships. They received little to no pay, and about900 of the seamen died leaving their families bereft and embittered (Reeder). With boththe Americans and the English referring to each other as cowardly dogs, conflict becamemore personal between people than just between two land areas. Although still disunited, the colonies were beginning to melt this hindrance,sometimes without knowing it, to realize they shared more in common with each otherthan with those of the mother country. The disunity that had predominated since thefounding of the colonies can be accounted for and understood because of geographicalbarriers like rivers and lack of roads, diverse religions, mixed nationalities, variousgovernments, boundary disputes, social classes, different currencies at altered worths ineach colony, and jealousy. As British Sir Winston Churchhill said, â€Å"They were united indistrusting the home government but in little else.† However, steps were being taken,sometimes not even purposely, to promote rapport among the colonies. Newspapers, forinstance, not only covered the war effort, but they also promoted a unity of consciousnessfor the colonies. Through these reports and therefore awareness, the English were warnedof French troops moving southward from Canada and of the French master plan tocapture the continent in 1753. The Albany Plan of Union was a positive step in achievingunion. The ingenious Benjamin Franklin proposed a layout of creating a central militaryfund and appointing a military governor. He was, unfortunately, ahead of his time and thecolonies voted his proposal down because it provided too much central power andtherefore less power to the states. The king also would have vetoed it because it â€Å"smelledof independence.† (Chidsey) Despite this failure, unity was still obtained somewhatthrough the simplicity of soldiers gathering from different colonies. Interaction with eachother, in times of battle and also just in eating dinner together and gathering aroundcampfires to ward off the cold, revealed their singularity and questioned the Britishmonarch, with whom they often had nothing in common. They found they spoke thesame language, shared the same problems concerning England, and for the most part hadmutual ideals. Having unity, especially in having a common defense and a strongcommon cause, is extremely important in a revolution. One could even say that it isindispensable. Therefore, building a common cause and subsequent unity was in directconflict with the English. To the disgust and aversion of the British, some of the colonists were committingtreason by smuggling goods to the enemy. Officials in Paris had, partly because of theBritish Navy, abruptly limited importation on items such as rum and molasses in theFrench West Indies. These planters were desperate to feed themselves and also theirslaves, and found salvation through the colonists. Commerce centers, in particularNewport, Rhode Island, Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia enjoyed surplus wealththrough this traitorous trade. The English, of course, were shocked at their subjects’disloyalty. The British navy was determined and working ardently to starve the French byblockading their ports, and at the same time the colonyâ⠂¬â„¢s shippers were using fraudulentpapers to trade foodstuffs with the adversary. The blockading of the St. Lawrence River,the only entrance to New France, was especially dangerous and difficult. This treacheryled directly to the end of a period of salutary neglect, where the Navigation and TradeLaws were loosely enforced. This itself led later on to the loathed writs of assistance,which were unrestrained search warrants that entirely violated the colonists’ privacy. .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .postImageUrl , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:hover , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:visited , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:active { border:0!important; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:active , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Morality. It has been questioned by people, honore Analysis EssayWhat the British perceived as reprehensible treason, the colonists saw as a golden tradewhich they had an absolute right to do. Upon issuance of the Proclamation Act of 1763, a misinterpretation in thecolonies and failure to communicate thoroughly provoked outrage in America. TheBritish government, fearing that settlers migrating into the new lands would provoke aseries of Indian wars, like that of Pontiac’s Rebellion, believed that the lands should beopened to colonists on a more gradual basis (Reeder). The King’s Cabinet Counciltherefore prohibited settlement in the area east of the Appalachian Mountains. TheEnglish saw little other alternative. Both the Treaty of Easton in 1758 with the OhioValley Indians (which was ratified by the king), and in the avowals of such militaryvanguards as Colonel Bouquet, the Indians were assured security in the lands west of theAppalachians. This was their compensation for deserting their French allies (Gipson 87). However, the colonists found extreme indignity in this. After all, had they not just shedblood and endured a war to obtain this land? In 1788, groups such as the Patrick Henrygroup in Virginia and the Richard Henderson group in North Carolina decided to movewest, in open defiance of the crown. Within that same year people were moving west bythe thousands. The Proclamation of 1763 was one of the first documents issued to governthe colonies, and it required those already settled in the specified regions to return east. Although it was laxly enforced, the colonists refused to tolerate this, and tension over theProclamation Act was inevitable. The British felt the colonies they had protected should shoulder some of theresponsibility of the enormous debt England had incurred, but were faced withdiscrepancy from the colonists. The debt of England was the largest ever induced in awar, totaling 140 million pounds, about half of which had been contracted in defendingthe American colonies. The severe debt, though, was of little concern compared to thethirty-five hundred thousand pounds it would cost to supply and train 10,000 troops forthe protection of the colonies (Jennings 145). When the French were removed from theNorth, the British wanted the seacoast colonies to continue raising fresh bodies of militiaso that they could take over routine guard duties, releasing regulars for service in theCaribbean area (Chidsey 145). The colonies, however, were generally altogether sick ofwar. They simply did not want a standing army and did not want to be taxed. Thecolonists felt this was justified through the notorious slogan â€Å"no t axation withoutrepresentation†. There were no colonists in the English Parliament, therefore they feltthey could not be taxed. The Grenville Program, first consisting of revenues with the solepurpose of generating funds, was abhorred in the colonies. Their determination to havetheir way fiancinally, although residents of England most definitely carried the burden ofthe debt, was a threat to British government, and harsher programs were enforced, pavingthe way to revolution. The war helped to bring about important changes in the British colonies. Inaddition to the fact of their ocean-wide distance from the mother country, the coloniesfelt themselves less dependent militarily on the British by the end of the war. Theybecame most concerned with their own problems and put greater value on their owninstitutions. The French and Indian War prepared colonists for later battles; it was thenthat good leaders such as Washington, Stark, Putnam, and Pomeroy gained invaluableexperience. In other words, the colonists began to think of themselves as American ratherthan British. The English had become exasperated in handling the unsatisfiable colonies. .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .postImageUrl , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:hover , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:visited , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:active { border:0!important; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:active , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jesus Christ EssayEverything they did seemed to do was met with discordance. Revolution, though notknown at the time, was imminent. BibliographyBailey, Thomas and Kennedy, David. The American Pageant. 9th ed. Massachusetts:D.C. Heath and Company, 1991. Chidsey, Donald. The French and Indian War. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc.,1969. Gipson, Lawrence. â€Å"The American Revolution As An Aftermath Of the Great War Forthe Empire.† The Causes Of the American Revolution. Ed. by John Wahkle. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company, 1950, 82-94. Jennings, Francis. Empire of Fortune. 1st Ed. New York: W.W. Norton Company,1988. Reeder, Colonel Red. The French and Indian War. New York: Thomas Nelson Inc.,1972. History Essays

Arab Americans Populations by State

Arab Americans Populations by State As a bloc, the 3.5 million Arab Americans in the United States are becoming an important economic and electoral minority. The largest concentrations of Arab Americans are in some of the most contested electoral battlegrounds of the 1990s and the 2000s - Michigan, Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia. In the early 1990s Arab Americans tended to register Republican more than Democratic. That changed after 2001. So have their voting patterns. The largest block of Arab Americans in most states is of Lebanese descent. They account for a quarter to a third of the total Arab population in most states. New Jersey is an exception. There, Egyptians account for 34% of the Arab American population, Lebanese account for 18%. In Ohio, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, Lebanese account for 40% to 58% of the Arab American population. All these figures are based on estimates by ​Zogby International, conducted for the Arab American Institute. A note about the population estimates in the table below: ​Youll notice quite a disparity between the 2000 Census Bureau figures and those of Zogby in 2008. Zogby explains the difference: The decennial Census identifies only a portion of the Arab population through a question on ancestry on the census long form. Reasons for the undercount include the placement of and limits of the ancestry question (as distinct from race and ethnicity); the effect of the sample methodology on small, unevenly distributed ethnic groups; high levels of out-marriage among the third and fourth generations; and distrust/misunderstanding of government surveys among more recent immigrants. Arab American Populations, 11 Largest States Rank State 1980Census 2000Census 2008Zogby Estimate 1 California 100,972 220,372 715,000 2 Michigan 69,610 151,493 490,000 3 New York 73,065 125,442 405,000 4 Florida 30,190 79,212 255,000 5 New Jersey 30,698 73,985 240,000 6 Illinois 33,500 68,982 220,000 7 Texas 30,273 65,876 210,000 8 Ohio 35,318 58,261 185,000 9 Massachusetts 36,733 55,318 175,000 10 Pennsylvania 34,863 50,260 160,000 11 Virginia 13,665 46,151 135,000 Source: Arab American Institute

Compose a Narrative Essay or Personal Statement

Compose a Narrative Essay or Personal Statement This assignment will give you practice in composing a narrative essay based on personal experience. Narrative essays are among the most common types of writing assignmentsand not only in freshman composition courses. Many employers, as well as graduate and professional schools, will ask you to submit a personal essay (sometimes called a personal statement) before even considering you for an interview. Being able to compose a coherent version of yourself in words is clearly a valuable skill. Instructions Write an account of a particular incident or encounter in your life that in one way or another illustrates a stage of growing up (at any age) or of personal development. You may focus on one specific experience or on a sequence of specific experiences. The purpose of this essay is to shape and interpret a particular incident or encounter so that readers may recognize some connection between your experiences and their own. Your approach may be either humorous or seriousor somewhere in between. Consider the guidelines and suggestions that follow. Suggested Readings In each of the following essays, the author recounts and attempts to interpret a personal experience. Read these essays for ideas on how you might develop and organize the details of your own experience. Ritual in Maya Angelous Caged BirdQuality, by John GalsworthyA Hanging, by George OrwellTwo Ways of Seeing a River, by Mark Twain Composing Strategies Getting Started. Once you have settled on a topic for your paper (see the topic suggestions below), scribble anything and everything you can think of concerning the subject. Make lists, freewrite, brainstorm. In other words, generate lots of material to begin with. Later you can cut, shape, revise, and edit. Drafting. Keep in mind your purpose for writing: the ideas and impressions that you want to convey, the particular traits you want to emphasize. Provide specific details that serve to satisfy your purpose. Organizing.  Most of your essay will probably be organized chronologicallythat is, details will be reported moment by moment according to the order in which they occurred. In addition, make sure that you complement this narrative (at the beginning, at the end, and/or along the way) with interpretive commentaryyour explanations of the meaning of the experience. Revising. Keep your readers in mind. This is a personal essay in the sense that the information it contains is drawn from your own experience or at least filtered through your own observations. However, its not a private essayone written only for yourself or for close acquaintances. Youre writing for a general audience of intelligent adultsusually your peers in a composition class. The challenge is to write an essay that is not only interesting (vivid, precise, well-constructed) but also intellectually and emotionally inviting. Put simply, you want your readers to identify in some fashion with the people, places, and incidents that you describe. Editing. Except when youre deliberately mimicking nonstandard speech in quoted dialogue (and even then, dont overdo it), you should write your essay in correct standard English. You may write to inform, move, or entertain your readersbut dont try to impress them. Cut out any needlessly wordy expressions. Dont spend a lot of time telling how you feel or how you felt; instead, show. That is, provide the sort of specific details that will invite your readers to respond directly to your experience. Finally, save enough time to proofread carefully. Dont let surface errors distract the reader and undermine your hard work. Self-Evaluation Following your essay, provide a brief self-evaluation by responding as specifically as you can to these four questions: What part of writing this essay took the most time?What is the most significant difference between your first draft and this final version?What do you think is the best part of your paper, and why?What part of this paper could still be improved? Topic Suggestions We have all had experiences that have changed the directions of our lives. Such experiences may be momentous, such as moving from one part of the country to another or losing a family member or close friend. On the other hand, they may be experiences that did not appear particularly significant at the time but have since proved to be important. Recall such a turning point in your life, and present it so as to give the reader a sense of what your life was like before the event and how it changed afterward.Without getting too sentimental or cute, recreate your childhood perspective of a particular family or community ritual. Your purpose might be to highlight the division between the childs perspective and the adults, or it might be to illustrate the childs movement toward an adult perspective.Sometimes a significant relationship with someone can help us to mature, easily or painfully. Recount the story of such a relationship in your own life or in the life of someone you know well. If this relationship marked a turning point in your life or if it provided you with an important change of self-image, present enough information so that readers can understand the causes and effects of the change and can recognize the before-and-after portraits. Write a reminiscence of a place that has had considerable significance for you (either during your childhood or more recently)positive, negative, or both. For readers who are unfamiliar with the place, demonstrate its meaning through description, a series of vignettes, and/or an account of one or two key people or events you associate with that place.In the spirit of the familiar saying, Its the going, not the getting there, that matters, write an account of a memorable journey, important either because of the physical, emotional, or psychological experience of travel; or because of the phenomenon of leaving somewhere for an unknown experience.Additional Topic Suggestions: Narration

History of Telephone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Telephone - Essay Example Bell developed new and original ideas, but did so by building on older ideas and development (Farley). Transmission of electricity over wires by Stephen Gray in 1729, first Battery produced by Alessandro Volta in 1800, Michael Faraday's experiments with electromagnetism in 1821, Professor Henry's transmission of the first practical electric signal and the invention of the electromagnet in 1830 were the major developments, which paved the way for the invention of the first working telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1837, and the completion of the first non-working telephone in 1861 by Johann Phillip Reis. Successful experiments with a clock spring reed in transmitting actual sound over a pair of wires, ultimately led to the birth of the telephone on March 10, 1876, with the famous first sentence to be transmitted accidentally: "Mr. Watson, come here, I want you". With other inventors like Elisha Gray closely on his heels, Bell received his patent No. 174,465 for his epoch making invention. Since his invention was unprecedented, Bell was obliged to call it as "an improvement in telegraphy". Obviously, it was the telegraph and its wired network, which was most responsible for the development and success of the telephone. Impact of the Telephone on the social elements: Even after being baptized by the patent office and given a royal reception at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, Bell, instead of being applauded was pelted with a hailstorm of ridicule. While men of trade and commerce preferred to call it a scientific toy,. The newspapers went to the extent of describing it as 'the latest American humbug' (the London times), Salem Witchcraft , and something associated with the powers of darkness (The Providence press).The very idea of speaking to a metal piece seemed too bizarre and freakish. Since no one could understand how it worked, people saw this performance as a loss of dignity. Public Officials were slow to adopt it, as they were accustomed to use of written documents, and so was the banking community. It was only after a series of demonstrations and lectures arranged by Bell, as well as an account of a documented 3 hour demonstration, published in The Boston Advertiser (October 19, 1876), that people started taking it seriously. They r ealized, after several years of turmoil, that the telephone offered a hitherto unknown advantage of a 'Human Touch' to the communication. One could converse, respond to tones of voice and moods, discuss, persuade, enquire, argue and even reach agreements in a few minutes, in a personal way. It enabled members of the family to travel and even emigrate with increased security. It enabled the government to handle emergencies, like war, fires, accidents storms etc. Medical emergencies could be attended to much more efficiently. As it was having several advantages over telegraph, the businesses were in a position to handle all the issues in a more personalized way, and much faster. The Telephone in people's homes: Reasons for the delayed entry: The real popularity of the telephone in the home segment had to wait for more than 20 years after the invention of the

Supreme Court Justices (Government 2) Research Paper

Supreme Court Justices (Government 2) - Research Paper Example Both men are on the conservative wing of the court and have held their position there for many years. Both are remarkably intelligent men who have also been lightning rods for political controversy. Antonin Scalia is a Reagan appointee and has sat on the Court since 1986 and is the senior associate judge. He still has many years of service left. He is known for his sarcastic wit and sharp tongue, as well as for his hard-headedness. He is known for his dissenting opinions. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority opinion and is issued separately, often attacking the reasoning of the judges who sided with the majority. As one critic observes: His writing style is best described as equal parts anger, confidence, and pageantry. Scalia has a taste for garish analogies and offbeat allusions—often very funny ones—and he speaks in no uncertain terms. He is highly accessible and tries not to get bogged down in abstruse legal jargon. But most of all, Scalia's opinions rea d like they're about to catch fire for pure outrage. He does not, in short, write like a happy man (Clarke). Nevertheless, Scalia knows what he believes. In the end, he is not interested in the government forcing people to act in certain ways. Although he is a pro-life Catholic, in 1992 in a case about funding for Planned Parenthood, Scalia has this to say about the legality of abortion: â€Å"The States may, if they wish, permit abortion on demand, but the Constitution does not require them to do so. The permissibility of abortion, and the limitations upon it, are to be resolved like most important questions in our democracy: by citizens trying to persuade one another and then voting.† Another famous ruling by Scalia came in Grutter v. Bollinger in 2003. This was a case about affirmative action. The court ruled that the University of Michigan should permit affirmative action in order to create a more diverse, harmonious school. Scalia, in a dissent, said he found this ridicu lous. These were ideals that the government should not legislate but are taught by general practice. Respect for others was something that â€Å"is a lesson of life rather than law—essentially the same lesson taught to (or rather learned by, for it cannot be 'taught' in the usual sense) people three feet shorter and twenty years younger than the full-grown adults at the University of Michigan Law School, in institutions ranging from Boy Scout troops to public-school kindergartens.† Both of these cases show that Scalia is a man of principle. He is not willing to sell his ideals down the river. He understands that even thought the constitution may be a document written many years ago, a living tree is just as likely to rot as it is to grow. Clarence Thomas was appointed by President George H.W. Bush. He has many years of service ahead of him. He is originally from a poor family in Georgia. He is only the second African-American to sit on the Supreme Court, after Thurgood Marshall. He is known for his quiet and serious demeanour on the bench. The issue of his appointment was one of the most scrutinized and divisive issues in politics in America in the 1990s. During his confirmation hearings in the Senate, a woman named Anita Hill came forward to say she has been sexually harassed by Thomas. Thomas denied this. Thomas' response to the allegations was truly memorable. Faced with a huge circus around unproven allegations, he told the Senate, â€Å"This is not an opportunity to talk about difficult matters privately or in a closed

Final Strategic Plan Essay Example for Free

Final Strategic Plan Essay Everyone wants to have a delicious meal that will not cost them a lot of money. There are many restaurants that try to sell you their services. Greg’s Family Restaurant is a restaurant which will provide a wholesome nutritious meal and great customer service for all our patrons. Mission Statement The mission of Greg’s restaurant is to provide wholesome meals at unbelievable prices the competition cannot compare. Our restaurant is to provide customers the service each and every one of them want and deserve. We will provide this type of service with the technology that is available to us as a business. With this technology we provide our customers with great service and delicious meals at an unbelievable price. We will become the best restaurant in the area that provides our customers with Mexican, Afro-American cuisine. The employees of Greg’s restaurant will be like family. Organization Vision Vision is the strategic planning of a company to achieving its goals. â€Å"A vision statement presents the firm’s strategic intent that focuses the energies and resources of the company on achieving a desirable future† (Pearce Robinson, 2009, p37). The aim for Greg’s restaurant is to in the next 2-4 years to be above and beyond the competition and to expand the business to other areas within the city. The future planning of the restaurant is to come up with menu items that will continue to help the business to prosper. Guiding principles: Culture, social responsibility, and ethics Greg’s restaurant is following many values and cultures according to the needs of customers. The menu items of the restaurant represent different cultures that can attract customers of different nationalities and societies. Greg’s restaurant is multi- cultural and offers a wide variety of menu items that everyone can enjoy. Greg’s restaurant gives priority to the values of honesty and integrity in full support of their valued patrons. The restaurant also offers specials throughout the week and also issues coupons to get half off on certain menu items. The business is using products that are environmentally friendly and to help protect the environment and health of the community. The vision, mission, and values statement of the restaurant will provide the framework, structure and the company’s goal. The vision is the end goal the restaurant wants to achieve whereas the mission and the values will provide the business with the everyday activities the business already performs and also the structure and framework for the strategic plan for the business. The business will address customer needs by providing good service and meals to each and every patron that enters the establishment. All customers will get the same fresh meal the first customer to the last customer. The staff will act in a professional manner and provide great customer service and our suppliers along with the restaurant will serve the freshest ingredients available. Organization Strategic Direction Without strategic direction the business will not be able to accomplish its mission or vision. So it is very important that a company has a strategic direction for the implementation of its mission and vision. Strategic direction is defined as strategies made by a business or company to fulfill its mission. Strategic direction helps the owner and employees to know what is needed or required to achieve the mission of the company. Customer needs and competitive advantage At Greg’s restaurant it is important for the business to provide a relaxed comfortable atmosphere to the customers so they can like at home. At Greg’s restaurant there has been mechanisms added to provide the customers with the necessary seating and waiting areas to help them feel more comfortable at the restaurant. It is also a positive direction the company has taken is there is no priority of any culture or religion to dine at the restaurant. Honesty is a key element that we strive when dealing with patrons. Strategy planning helps the company review the mission and vision and to make sure that the company is headed in the right direction on achieving the goals. The future planning and vision of the restaurant has an impact on the restaurant strategy and it could impact the way the business will do over the next few years. The business has to utilize its vision and mission statements to make new decisions or to improve on the decisions it makes about the future of th e business and what is going to benefit the business. SWOTT Analysis In the restaurant business and by being new to the industry which is very competitive a SWOTT analysis plays a key role and is needed for a business to succeed. Greg’s Family Restaurant sets itself apart from other restaurants by servicing their customers with excellent customer service and meals. When analyzing a business one has to look at the internal and external factors that affect the company. A SWOTT analysis provides a breakdown of all these factors even factors that could affect a business internally and externally. SWOTT analysis is a tool a company uses in forming a strategic plan. It is the most effective tool a company uses to determine and uses for a strategic plan. SWOTT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, and Trends a company must face. Business can use SWOTT as a tool to create and overview of the organization strategic situation. (Pearce Robinson, 2009). For a new establishment like Greg’s Restaurant a SWOTT analysis is necessary to establish and compare where it is in a competitive market. When operating any type of business preparation is a key element: looking into as many potential options as possible is a must to prevent the company from profit loss along with the shareholders but in this case it is Greg’s stakeholders at risk. By eliminating all possible threats and creating opportunities with limited financial resources and concentrating on the long- term goal is the key to the success of the business and the future. SWOTT provides basic framework for business existing or new. More opportunities can be created by eliminating various weaknesses. External forces which are opportunities, threats, and trends are sets of uncontrollable factors the restaurant face and must overcome to succeed in the restaurant business. After conducting a SWOTT analysis legal and regulatory, economic, technology, Global and social trends were found external forces that need to be addressed. Legal and Regulatory Because of the external forces of opening a new restaurant or possible refitting and exiting building you will have to deal with the zoning laws. Restaurants need licenses and permits to operate or a food service establishment permit, alcohol license and food safety permit. Food safety health codes vary from state to state but restaurant businesses have to abide by the rules and laws that are put forth. The rules and regulations are to help protect the consumers and business. Economic Information regarding to products, services, tools, technology, and suppliers will compromise the economic environment of the restaurant. In 2001 California restaurants are projected to register 63.8 billion in sales, every $1 spent generates additional $1.19 in sales for the state economy. In 2010 there were 62, 794 eating and drinking places in California; every extra $1 million spent in California’s restaurants generates an additional 23.8 jobs in the state. In 2012 California restaurants employ 1,445,000 people (www.restaurant.org). Macroeconomics is very sluggish at this point in time. Inflation is at a high and banks are increasing interest rates. People are not spending as they did in the past they are more frugal with their finances. With the housing market in a slump, unemployment on the rise and with energy prices on the rise it is giving the restaurant industry a hard time. Changing labor conditions and cost is affecting smaller family type restaurants to eventually lose their business. Globalization Globalization shows opportunity for Greg’s restaurant to expand outside the United States. Forming a Limited Liability Company (LLC) it protects your personal assets from any liability the business incurs. If the owner plans on setting up a restaurant in different locations have separate LLC for the location. Social Socially people love to meet, dine, and have a drink and fun. But given the economic conditions of today it is hard for people to dine like they once did in the past. People are also concern about eating healthy and given the increase of a lot of food recalls in the past. Social media is also playing a big role in the marketing aspect of the restaurant industry. Technology Technology in the restaurant industry is very vital to the everyday operation. There is software available to track inventory, supplier orders, and to manage food orders. Technology is being developed every day to improve the way restaurants do business. Managers are no in more control of their staff with remote monitoring systems. Internal forces are more controllable factors a business can use to improve the operation and its path to success. After conducting an internal evaluation these were the factors the business came up with that is logical: strategy, strategic capabilities, and structures. Strategy In order for the restaurant to grow and expand a strategy has to be designed to which the business should offer products and services which customers could not receive from anywhere else. As far as strategizing the restaurant has the use of resource control which is key i.e. (operations, finance, supplies, and manpower). Strategic Capabilities Strategic capabilities play a big part in the restaurant industry. A business can create its own uniqueness through its marketing and strategic capabilities. A well- organized supply chain, a well trained staff, and a competent management team are strategic capabilities that will help the restaurant to fulfill its vision. The business also needs to consider its ability to manage working capital, expecting manpower issues and customer expectations and the ability to think ahead of the competition. As the industry changes over a period of time the threats and opportunities the restaurant will face the strategies and model of the business will have to adapt to these changes to meet the needs of the customers. It is very critical management focuses and maintain a product mix that works well for the business. The restaurant should position itself to reach specific demographic groups. Issues and Opportunities As mentioned in internal forces issues that are apparent is the lack of interactions between the employees. With these issues it allows opportunity to create meetings between employees and management. These meetings will allow staff to feel they belong and part of the family. It also allows employees to express what is working and not working for the business and what need improvement since the staff are the ones interacting with the customers. Balance Scorecard To develop a Greg’s Family Restaurant a balance scorecard is essential. It is key component for defining the goals and targets of a business as well as the mission vision and SWOTT analysis. A balanced scorecard is, â€Å"A set of four measures directly linked to a company’s strategy: financial performance, customer knowledge, internal business processes, and learning and growth† (Pearce Robinson, 2009, p. 202). Financial Perspective/ Shareholder Value A well thought out vision and mission statement will facilitate the restaurant to achieve its target. The restaurants objectives are to increase the performance of the restaurant. The responsibility of the restaurant is to seek its customer satisfaction. Increase revenue, and also achieve financial stability. Customer Value Perspective Customers determine the success of the business. The ups and downs of the restaurants as well as the delivery of the services the business provides relates to the customers satisfaction. The more the customers are satisfied the better the business will do to attract more customers. Process/Internal Operations Perspective Strategic planning is very effective to give a nutritious meal to customers. This should be done in accordance with the customer needs. The most important thing is to determine the purpose and intentions of the strategy, because this will help the business towards its goals. The restaurant should set its goals and the path while keeping in minds the values and interest of the patrons. Customer comment cards should be available so customers can express their comments and concern. Greg’s family restaurant is always taking initiatives to improve service and products to increase their customer base. Learning and Growth Perspective Learning and growth process is the prospective to know about your business and if it is developing into the type of business you dreamt of. Learning in accordance to Greg’s family restaurant means to learn about the attitudes of the employees which are internal and customers which are external. Strategic planning within the growth and learning perspective should focus on employee training to have competent employees. Balance Scorecard Shareholder Value/Financial Perspective Strategic Objectives * Market share should increase * Net revenues should increase * Financial stability should be achieved * Production cost should be minimized Performance Measure * Revenue growth * Increased operating cost * Return on interest and capital Targets * 3-6 % market share increase over the next 3 years * 20% profit margin Customer Perspective Strategic Objectives * Focus on public interest * Quality food should be delivered * Community support * Improving brand name in market Performance Measures * New Menu Items should be offered * Awareness of brand in public Targets * 100% customer satisfaction * 15% increase in customers for the next 3 years Initiatives * Restaurant should expand to other cities * Benefits rewards program Learning Growth Perspective Strategic Objectives * Employees retention increased * Technology should be improved * Employee satisfaction Performance Measures * Customer satisfaction should improve * Employee turnover rate decreased * Surveys, monitoring and training Targets * 100% participation of all employees Initiatives * Staff training * Improved customer service * Analysis of Staffing References Pearce, J. A. II, Robinson, R. B. (2009). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, and control (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill www.restaurant.org http://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSCResources/AbouttheBalancedScorecard/tabid/55/Default.aspx

Essay --

Opera, as we know it today, with its blend of poetry, music drama and elaborate sets, has its roots in ancient Greek theatre. Great drama and tragedies of ancient Greece were punctuated by musical and lyrical interludes. This was the early conception of operatic ideas in using music and song to reflect characters’ emotions in narratives. The humanist movement in fifteenth-century Florence, Italy held works of the classical civilisations in high regard. The inspiration which stemmed from ancient Greece and Rome greatly influenced art, music and architecture. The intermedi, which was a musical interlude that took place between acts of plays involving music, singing, elaborate costumes and sets, was popularised for Florentine public celebrations for the powerful Medici family in the sixteenth-century. It developed into ‘a play within a play’ and became a â€Å"precursor to the grandeur of Baroque opera productions.† (Bellingham, et al., 2004, p. 11) Although we generally view a composer as the ‘author’ of an opera, music is but one of the elements which contributes to the eventual staging of the performance. It is therefore necessary to study an opera in its context, beyond its musical inflections. â€Å"Opera is fraught with contradictions: between the composer’s intentions and their realisation by the performers; in the function of an opera audience, which takes part in a social performance that has often rivalled the performance on stage; and between the demands of ‘authenticity’ and the need for creative interpretation in performing older works.† (Raeburn, 2007, p. 8) The development of opera practices in the seventeenth and eighteenth century is evidently affected by social, political, economic and cultural currents. The earliest ... ...ntury opera showed the value of music over text. Though operatic practices had evolved greatly over a span of a hundred years, regardless the era, â€Å"Opera, by contrast, is notable for the multiplicity of forces that must be brought together openly for its making – for example, the financial powers that provide for its lavish needs; the diverse and often warring talents, drawn from a number of arts, who are expected to work together to create and perform its texts; the audiences who use it to satisfy both their aesthetic and their social cravings†¦The history of opera is thus not simply a conventional history of shifting period styles and competing national traditions, for it must accommodate countless â€Å"nonaesthetic† elements that help shape these styles and that these styles sometimes even shape in return.† (Lindenberger, Opera, The Extravagant Art, 1984, pp. 235-236)

A detailed explanation of the principles of marketing that are applied to the development of “Douwe Egberts” coffee

I intend to carry out a successful marketing campaign for â€Å"Douwe Egberts† coffee; I have chosen this product because coffee is a well-loved product by the majority of households worldwide. During this study I will show how the principles of marketing are applied to the development of â€Å"Douwe Egberts† coffee. Objectives. My main objective is to increase sales of â€Å"Douwe Egberts† coffee. I intend to do this by creating a sophisticated image of the product through various promotions and advertising campaigns. In order for these campaigns to be carried out to full effect, before carrying them out I intend to find out peoples opinions of â€Å"Douwe Egberts† and Coffee in general. This will be further explained in my next paragraph on â€Å"Planning†. Planning. I think the price of â€Å"Douwe Egberts† should be slightly above the average price of coffee yet not too expensive, hopefully this will make the consumer assume that â€Å"Douwe Egberts† is of better quality than the average coffee and I think the target market would be willing to pay a little bit extra, obviously I can prove how correct or incorrect this theory is when I carry out surveys later on in the assignment. I shall also need to consider â€Å"Douwe Egberts† own costs and overheads before pricing the coffee. I think â€Å"Douwe Egberts† should sell their coffee to a wide range of supermarkets, coffee shops restaurants and hotels. â€Å"Douwe Egberts† should definitely not sell to ‘cheap' places (e.g. shops such as: Pricerite, Lidls, Aldi`s or ‘greasy spoon' style cafes) if they want to keep their upmarket image. I have various promotional ideas in mind for â€Å"Douwe Egberts† such as free samples given when completing an online questionnaire on â€Å"Douwe Egberts† web page, I could also contact ‘food and drink' magazines and ask them to give away free samples. I also think it would be a good idea to contact well known cafes/coffee shops and negotiate a special offer with them such as giving a free â€Å"Douwe Egberts† coffee away with an order, Cafes/coffee shops are likely to comply with this offer as it would bring business in for them. It would also be good for â€Å"Douwe Egberts† because the cafes/coffee shops would hopefully continue to buy from â€Å"Douwe Egberts† after the promotion expires. â€Å"Douwe Egberts† could also put out magazine, television and radio advertisements, although I feel that â€Å"Douwe Egberts† would benefit best from advertising on the internet because it costs very little to put banners on other websi tes and it reaches a worldwide audience. I also feel that advertising in supermarkets in-house magazines would be a good idea because the consumer will see the product and be able to purchase it directly from the store – so perhaps advertising â€Å"Douwe Egberts† with a ‘money off voucher' would be quite effective. â€Å"Douwe Egberts† do a wide range of coffees including roast and ground coffees, Le cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ range, the select range, the organic range, Instants and Speciality instants. â€Å"Douwe Egberts† packaging will be of high quality, it shall be packaged in a glass jar with a glass lid so it looks of a higher quality than most coffees that have plastic lids, the wrapping on this glass jar shall be made of glossy coffee coloured paper with gold lettering – this shall vary with different types of coffee. I have a few ideas about finding out peoples opinions of â€Å"Douwe Egberts† and coffee in general, firstly I think questionnaires would be a good idea rather than do these through the post or face-to-face I think it would be much better to do these questionnaires via email or relevant websites. This would take a lot less time and would be a lot more cost effective; it would also reach a wide range of people. I think the target audience will be towards people aged between 25 and 50, in my opinion people seem to drink more coffee while in work and people in employment such as office work and teaching are more likely to be coffee drinkers, I shall be sure to confirm my opinions by including questions such as these within the questionnaire. Collect Data. I am going to collect data mainly via the Internet; I can get many figures from the national statistics site. I shall also be collecting a lot of my data from results from questionnaires put out on relevant sites and questionnaires sent via email. I mentioned in an earlier chapter that I intend to get cafes to give away free samples of â€Å"Douwe Egberts† coffee, I could also ask them to give out a small card with this free sample asking what the consumer thought of the coffee and this could be sent back to the company. Analyse and evaluate data. When all data is collected I think it would be best to put it into a simple graph so the results can be clearly seen, I could also use pie charts or scatter graphs for this. From these graphs I should be able to see whether there is actually room in the market for â€Å"Douwe Egberts† coffee, what my target audience is and what price I should give â€Å"Douwe Egberts† coffee. Communicate findings. To communicate my findings I shall firstly write up a report on all information that I have found. I shall then go about planning a small presentation. To convey the information clearly I could use a number of aids to help me such as OHP, diagrams on the board and handouts. I should also prepare a section at the end of my presentation for my audience to ask questions, I should therefore prepare possible questions and answers I could give to them.

Difference between active and passive forms Essay

Difference between active and passive forms Introduction Active forms            Inactive forms of the sentence, the doer or the thing that is doing the action is the subject of the sentence while the one that is receiving the action is the subject of the sentence. Most of the sentences in the real world are in the active forms. It is always in the form; (Action Doer or the subject)+(Verb)+( The action receiver or the object) Example John wrote the essay Here; John is the subject, wrote is the verb and essay is the object. Passive Form            In the passive form, the things that are doing the action are the subject of the sentences while the thing that is doing the action is the object and it is placed at the end of the sentence after the word â€Å"by†. The passive form is always used when one thinks that the object or the receiver of the action is to be emphasized or is deemed to be more important. This form is also used to exercise courtesy where one doesn’t want to mention the action’s doer or the doer of the action is not known. It is always in the form; (Action receiver)+(past participle of the verb in question)+(by)+(action doer) Example The essay was written by john Essay is the action receiver, written is the past participle of wrote, by precedes the doer, John References Courtland L. Bovee& John V. Thill, July 21, 2013. Business Communication Today (12th Edition. Source document

The Dream deferred in the Harlem Renaissance

The Dream deferred in the Harlem Renaissance Free Online Research Papers The Harlem Renaissance was a period where blacks had started to express themselves in many forms (such as literature, art, music, and others) in order to show their humanity to the society which looked down on them because of their skin color and oppressed them in many demeaning ways. This period was started around the 1920’s and ended in the 1930’s (at the same time the Great Depression stroke the United States). In this period, many African American writers expressed their discontent with the supremacist, discriminatory, and standardization ideals of the whites and show how their racial view of African Americans as inferior in culture and lifestyle tarnished their life and their American Dream in many ways. Because of this, the American Dream became deferred because it had lost its values since all that it stands for was being tarnished (for example, equality, liberty, good life). The thesis of this essay is The Dream deferred in the Harlem Renaissance and the sources used are Harlem, The Weary Blues, and The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain by Langston Hughes and If We Must Die by Claude McKay. One poem where the American dream is shown as deferred is Harlem. First of all, in this poem, the speaker views America as a place where it’s defining dream (the American Dream) is a dream that has been deferred (the dream of freedom) and that the dream decays of its value. For example, in the poem a line says â€Å"Does it stink like rotten meat?†, the speaker clearly defines America as a country where its most priced and acknowledged dream is at decay because of how the value of equality and freedom due to racial discrimination against the African Americans. In addition, even though the speaker’s feeling towards this deferred dream is not shown directly in this poem, one can assume its negative because he speaks about how the American Dream rots, decays and dries up as it starts to become deferred. Another poem where the American Dream is shown as deferred is in If We Must Die. First of all, in this poem, America is viewed as a place where white people oppress African Americans and hunt them down; somewhere where racial conflicts and discrimination against African Americans is abound. In addition, In this poem, the speaker shows that the American Dream is deferred because of how the value of equality and justice has decayed due to the discriminations against African Americans in how they’re abused and hunted down. Furthermore, the feelings of the speaker towards this situation is that African Americans should fight back to obtain respect and their share of their American Dream and if they fail because they’re outnumbered at least they die nobly and bravely against the white people’s oppression. For instance, in the poem a line says â€Å"Though far outnumbered let us show us brave†. Another poem where the American Dream is shown as deferred is in Weary Blues. First of all, the speaker views America as a place where the African Americans are separated from the society and are forced to live in harsh conditions where not even the powerful union within the African Americans can change their status of life forced by the whites; the African Americans are forced to live by those who are also African Americans instead of living amongst an union with other Americans of other racial types. In addition, the American Dream has been deferred because the equality supported by the American Dream term is violated by forcing the African Americans to live in lifestyles below that of white people (in harsh conditions and forcing them to live only amongst other African Americans in an act of demeaning them). Furthermore, the feeling of the speaker towards the deferring of the American Dream is of sadness since they are forced to live in conditions opposite to those known in the American Dream term (good lifestyle and equality). For example, this is shown in the poem in lines that say â€Å"Got the Weary Blues, And I can’t be satisfied, I ain’t happy no mo’, And I wish that I had died†. Another literary work where the American Dream is shown deferred is in The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. First of all, the speaker views America as a place where many African Americans do not feel proud of their ethnicity and culture and the speaker views this as an of demeaning one’s self. For example, the sentence â€Å"One of the most promising of the young Negro poets said to me once, â€Å"I want to be a poet – not a Negro poet†Ã¢â‚¬  shows how some African Americans demeaned themselves. In addition, the speaker also views America as a place where the society has set the standards to those of the average whites forcing African Americans to adjust to a different culture to be accepted. For instance, this is shown in the sentence that says â€Å"The road for the serious black artist, then, who would produce a racial art is most certainly rocky and the mountain is high†. Furthermore, the American Dream in this literary work is deferred because the dream of equality is decayed by the white people’s standardization of the society and by the personal demeaning of some African Americans towards their roots and culture. Moreover, the feelings of the speaker towards the deferred dream is shamefulness because African Americans should appreciate their own culture which is in no way inferior to that of the whites and that they should view themselves as equals. In conclusion, the African Americans have being through a lot in their past and all because of the deferring of the American Dream, because of the decaying values of what the American Dream stands for at most which are Equality, Freedom, and Justice, all factors that the African American society did not get enjoy because of the abuses and oppression from the white people’s side. And still the oppression towards the African Americans either by violent conflicts against them from groups like the Ku Klux Klan, with laws that forbid them from voting in some states, with the law against their side, and wrong public view of them when they are like us, they have a thinking mind therefore they have a life, emotions and feelings. Therefore, it’s important to remember the period of the Harlem Renaissance, a period where the African American society began showing their humanity through many artistic forms and expressing themselves showing they’re part of America. This abuse s surged since the creations of us humans and still keep going on worldwide whether it’s the African Americans, Latin Americans, Muslims, Jews, Communists, Socialists, and other minorities or majorities without a voice. Whether the oppressed group are the blues or reds, we all have the same value as humans and if you are the reds and the blues are oppressed, do not oppress them cause later the reds will be the oppressed and not only you will feel oppressed but also remorse (oppressors becoming oppressed). Research Papers on The Dream deferred in the Harlem RenaissanceMind Travel19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetCapital PunishmentBringing Democracy to AfricaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Missing Hyphens

Missing Hyphens Missing Hyphens Missing Hyphens By Mark Nichol 1. â€Å"He’s a world class sexist.† As written, this sentence states that the person referred to in the subject is a class sexist (whatever that is) of the world variety (whatever that means). The simple insertion of a hyphen between the two words preceding the noun sexist signals that together, they describe what kind of sexist the person is: â€Å"He’s a world-class sexist.† 2. â€Å"The project exemplifies his wheeling and dealing ways.† Without commas, this sentence reads as if it is discussing two characteristics of the person in question: his wheeling and his dealing ways, but it pertains to his ways of wheeling and dealing, so the words in that phrase must be linked with hyphens to clarify their unity: â€Å"The project exemplifies his wheeling-and-dealing ways.† 3. â€Å"She claims she did it in self defense.† Most adjectival phrases, like â€Å"world class,† are hyphenated before the noun they modify but are open compounds when they follow a noun or stand on their own, though there are exceptions in both cases. Phrases beginning with self, however, are anomalous. Hyphenate them always, as in â€Å"She took a self-defense class,† and here: â€Å"She claims she did it in self-defense.† 4. â€Å"Smith accused Jones of a coverup.† Style for compound words that consist of a preposition and another word are maddeningly inconsistent. Those ending with the word up, for example, haphazardly include or omit a hyphen and it’s not easy to guess, based on appearance, which form is correct. For example, buildup and markup would seem to merit hyphens, but they’re closed. Meanwhile, cover-up is hyphenated (as is runner-up). When in doubt, look up the word. The sample sentence here should read, â€Å"Smith accused Jones of a cover-up.† 5. â€Å"It’s a byproduct of our times.† By-product is one of a handful of noun/noun compounds that retains a hyphen: â€Å"It’s a by-product of our times.† This type of error is the hardest to catch, because it relies on prior knowledge of the few exceptions to the rule that a noun/noun compound is either open or closed (which provides a challenge in itself). The best solution is to read high-quality content, which is likely to treat such constructions correctly but not everyone has the aptitude for retaining information like this. (That’s why we have editors.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"The Writing ProcessI wish I were...

Management Consulting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Consulting - Essay Example This has been the firm that provides the consultancy tot eh corporate clients in terms of there businesses. The basic rationale that had led James o McKinsey to formulate the company wee the bitter experiences that he had faced in the terms of the failed corporate management in the Army Ordnance Department during the first world war. Thereby all the corporate managers who are in need of the best management advice are the ones, who should be helped in all ways, was the aim of James O’ McKinsey.  Rasiel and Friga, (2001) say that for the legal consultancy, Marvin Bower a law graduate from the Harvard University had been recruited after he had been working for another form known as the Cleveland Corporate Law firm for Jon Day but as he had felt the firm was not working in an analytical manner thereby he had joined James O’ McKinsey & Company and this was the firm in which he felt that better analytical minds can be accommodated.  Main aspect that had been appreciated b y Marvin Bower about the way James O’ McKinsey was dealing with the clients was that the legal and the corporate level consultancy was being given in a professionally independent manner and as it was seen that this was the main rationale for James OMcKinseythat was being followed and the clients were returning satisfied. One main strategy that was being applied by Mac in order to win the confidences of the clients was that the people who walked in the firm were thoroughly understood in terms of their needs and this was the main reason as to why the clients and the confidences were being gained at the firm.  Sadler, (2001) says that there were two main offices for the firm, one was based at Chicago and the other had been at New York and as per strategy of Max, both offices were run in an independent basis rather than the offices depending on each other.  

Hemp economic impact and legalization Research Paper

Hemp economic impact and legalization - Research Paper Example Hemp is a relatively important crop and basing on its different uses it could replace a larger variety of environmental unfriendly crops to enhance economical productions. The forces behind the keeping of hemp illegalization are rather political not environmental in nature. The ability of this product and the byproducts of it are rather scary to many industries especially the petrochemical, liquor and tobacco industries. The fact is that the legalization of hemp would put money in the hands of the farmers and hence totally restructuring our national economy. An article published in 1937 titled â€Å"Hemp: The New Bilion-Dolar crop† named over twenty five thousand possible uses of the hemp plant. This is because it is; a type of Marijuana which cannot get one high could be the reason as to why its popularity still lags behind. Many efforts by different scholars and business people to prove the viability of the product to the economies of the world have been enhanced through var ious ideas. However, there exists some controls over the whole idea since it is described under drugs whose consumption needs control. Despite the fact that this product remained illegal did not deter it from becoming one of the most affecting in the economy of the States in a positive way. This remained so until its legalization through an announcement made by the U.S. Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. This came in form of a memorandum that specified that the federal government would not consider it a priority any longer to prosecute the users or traders of the product that broke federal law but complied with State laws concerning this product (Kayla 6). That was so and publicized on the October 19, 2009. This came, as a relief to the people that put the product to different uses inclusive is those that use it for medical purposes. This did not go well with everybody. Some people looked at it as a wrong shot to the U.S. since it was encouraging the breech of Federal laws especial ly those affecting the drug. This simply relates that hemp is a legal item on one hand and yet still illegal on the other. Its legalization has had both positive effects and negative effects to the economy based on the consumption and need that drives one to it. Recent developments show the highly developing and revolving relationship between hemp and humanity. This movement has seen the development of the modern industrial hemp industry that depicts by the presence of hemp clothing, paper, seed-oil products and building materials (Rowan, 2). These developments have had a positive impact to the economies of the world generally specifically in Santa Barbra. The industries surrounding the development of these products that evolve form hemp have had a positive impact on the economies since their development and hence developing trade in the regions from which they hail. A healthy hemp rally circuit gave entrepreneurs in this product the impetus to go deep in investing in this product. This backed by their literature distribution and wears that accompanied the rallies to ensure that they spread the word about their product all over (Rowan, 4).this further bolstered by the formation of the hemp council started in the Los Angeles in 1991. In 1992, a vast number of companies were already in place and hence the success of the plant. The success, quality and economic advantages of the product

Social Networking and Law Enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Networking and Law Enforcement - Essay Example l individuals and groups use social networking as well as the way that law enforcement utilizes the same medium to attempt to stem the growth and proliferation of crime via this new and expansive medium. Furthermore, this analysis will review the ways in which law enforcement entities are using social networking to connect with and reach out to the jurisdictions and communities which they serve. Social networking provides individuals with a way to meet, interact with, and network among an exponentially larger group of people than had previously been possible. This has allowed people to build a complex web of relationships which would otherwise not have been possible using the technology that has been traditionally available (Patrashek 2010). Imagine a situation where a criminal would like to form a link to another criminal for purposes of organized prostitution, drugs or any manner of other crime. Due to the complex nature of the links and connections that social media provides, the amount of time from origination of the idea to commit crime to the contact with a fellow accomplice can take only a few seconds. This rapid increase in the free flow of communication and its subsequent use by criminals and criminal organizations has necessitated law enforcement to become highly involved and familiar with social networking as it currently exists. However, this involvement by law enforcement has a definite number of distinct drawbacks. The first and most obvious of these drawbacks is the overall level of privacy that users can expect when communicating via this medium. A great deal of information has recently been in the news media with relation to social networking and privacy levels, this issue is taken to a new level with the inclusion of law enforcement as a factor in the equation. Although it should be assumed that any and all information that is freely shared amongst social networking users will be subject to review and dissemination by law enforcement

Gender Differences In The Experience Of Body Image Psychology Essay

Gender Differences In The Experience Of Body Image Psychology Essay Gender differences in the experience of body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders Although in the past decades psychologists have conducted little research on males and body image, it has only been within the past 10-15 years that adequate studies have been completed (Cafri et al., 2005). As asserted by Kevin Thompson, Leslie Heinberg, Madeline Altabe and Stacey Tantleff-Dun (1999) most research pertaining to body image has been dominated by females, focusing on the female ideal for thinness, and predicting the development of eating disorders (McCreary, 2007). New research on males reveals that body image and eating disorder concerns are not limited to only females (Olivardia, 2000). Do males and females experience body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders the same? Through comparisons of studies of females and males with body image dissatisfaction and eating disorder it is argued that there is less than a difference in than popularly perceived. There are several sources for body image dissatisfaction (BID), but the most influential is the media exposure of women and men to cultural ideals that are often unattainable (Dalley, Buunk, Umit, 2009). Simon Dalley, Abraham Buunk and Turual Umit (2009) assert that media exposure is a form of social comparison that is spontaneous, effortless and unintentional. Self evaluation is created through contrast with the target, which are thinner media images. Kevin Thompson and Leslie Heinberg (1999) affirm that although there are individual variations in the internalization of the media pressures, investigations show that the media is a significant factor developing eating disorders. Eating disorders are classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, (DSM IV-TR1) as syndromes characterized by disturbances in eating behaviour, accompanied by grief /extreme concern about body shape and or weight, which are sub-categorized by anorexia nervosa, bulimi a and eating disorders not otherwise specified (Levenson, 2005). Eating disorders commonly occur in industrial cultures where there is access to food and thinness is considered attractive. Due to globalization, eating disorders are quickly spreading around the world, but they are most common in predominately Caucasian developed nations such as United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa (Fairburn Harrison, 2003). Body Image Dissatisfaction in Females Body image dissatisfaction is a significant predictor of eating behaviours in females (Dalley, Bunnk Umit, 2009). Although there are several sources that create body image dissatisfaction (BID), the most influential is the media which exposes women to cultural thin ideals that are often unattainable. While there are individual differences that influence that impact of exposure to thin ideals, many researchers have concluded that there is a distinct correlation between thin media exposure and female BID (Dalley, Bunnk Umit, 2009). Kimberly Vaughan and Gregory Fouts (2003) reported that the â€Å"ultra-slender ideal-body image† that is depicted within media texts is 15% below the weight of an average woman, and 90% of female models are below average weight. Combined with the unrealistically thin ideals represented by female models, digital enhancement of images adds to unattainable standards. Sonia Tucci and Jennifer Peters (2008) noted that high levels of body dissatisfactio n are associated with emotional distress, appearance rumination and cosmetic surgery. In a study conducted at the University of Liverpool of female students between the ages of 18 and 25 years it was found that exposure to thin-ideals in media images reduces body satisfaction scores (Tucci Peters, 2008). The opposite was found when the same participants were exposed to images of larger models, resulting in an increase of body satisfaction scores. Tucci and Peters (2008) additionally found that eating disorders, the drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction increased after the subjects were shown thin images. â€Å"Fat talk† is a notable subject in discussing body image dissatisfaction. As first suggested by Mimi Nichter (2000), â€Å"fat talk† is the tendency of females to belittle their bodies by claiming they are fat, even when it is not true. Although Nichter (2000) describes the social value of fat talk as a way for girls to bond through socially expected gender roles (dieting, weight loss and the pre-occupation of the body), â€Å"fat talk† creates body image dissatisfaction regardless of the initial reason for engaging (Tuckers, Martz, Curtin Bazzini, 2007). Katheryn Tucker, Denise Martz, Lisa Curtin and Doris Bazzinis (2007) study of south-eastern American university female students, found that personal body image dissatisfaction is influenced by the social norms of â€Å"fat talk†. These findings suggest that regardless of actual body image dissatisfaction, there is a normative unhappiness of body size in women, which further is increased by the pres sure to perform â€Å"fat talk†. Eating Disorders in Females Nancy Moses, Mansour-Max Banilivy and Fima Lifshitz (1989) conducted a study that examined the perception of weight, dieting and nutrition among adolescent high school girls in comparison to their body weight. The subjects reported a high concern with obesity regardless of their current body weight and nutrition knowledge. Over half of the underweight (anthropometric measured) sub-category of females (51%) described themselves as having an extreme fear of being overweight. The underweight category also reported having a pre-occupation with body fat (36%). Although normal and overweight girls were better able to perceive their actual body weight for height, the frequency of reported binge eating, and vomiting behaviours was similar among all three groups (underweight, normal weight and overweight). Moses, Banilivy and Lifshitz (1989) concluded that a fear of obesity and eating disorders were common amongst adolescent girls despite of body weight and knowledge of nutrition. Eating disorders are also evident in women attending college. Dean Krahn, Candance Kurth, Edith Gomberg and Adam Drewnowski (2005), reported that due to the intensity and frequency of college women dieting behaviour, two-thirds are at risk for eating disorders. A study conducted at a large Midwestern university of 324 female students concluded that a high proportion (49%) of subjects report binge eating, and/or compensatory behaviours such as excessive exercise at least once a week (Berg, Frazier Sherr, 2009). Non-purging compensatory behaviours (excessive exercise and fasting) are the most common form of eating disorder behaviours. Kelly Berg, Patricia Frazier and Laura Sherr (2009) also established that there are high rates of binge eating amongst female students but in contrast, purging behaviours (vomiting, laxative use, diuretics) were executed less frequently. Very little research has examined sexual orientation in a relation to eating disorders in females. i) Body Image Dissatisfaction in Males Unlike females desire to obtain thinness, men experience anguish when they perceive their body to be underweight (Olivardia, Pope, Borowiecki Cohane, 2004). Roberto Olivardia (2007) found that the male desire is to obtain a lean muscular physique (mesomorphic body type), which is produced by Western ideals (McCreary, 2007). In a study conducted by Christopher Ochner, James Gray and Katrina Brickner (2009) of male students attending a Mid-Atlantic college, it was found that body dissatisfaction was present in the male population through the desire for an increase in muscle gain (86%), as measured by the Male Body Dissatisfaction Scale. While much of the sample wanted to gain more muscle, 34% also wanted to gain weight, and 31% wanted to lose weight. Only 34% of the subjects were happy with their current weight (Ochner, Gray Brickner, 2009). In order to obtain a muscular physique with little body fat men engage in such practices as steroid use, ephedrine use, and dieting (Cafri et a l., 2005). The use of illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) is reported to be between 3% to 12% of American adolescent males. A study conducted at examining legal steroids, also known as prohormones revealed that the lifetime use is 4.5% in adolescent males (Cafri, Thompson Yesalis, 2004). Harrison Pope, Amanda Gruber, Precilla Choi, Roberto Olivardia and Katharine Phillips (1997) make known a form of body dysmorphic disorder called â€Å"muscle dysmorphia†. Men who suffer from muscle dysmorphia are concerned that they are not large or muscular enough. In order to create a desirable physique, men participate in obsessive weight lifting and dieting, which still does not eliminate the distress of being too small (Pope et al., 1997). Precilla Choi, Harrison Pope and Roberto Olivardia (2002) conducted a small sample of weightlifters with and without muscle dysmorphic disorder. The men with muscle dsymorphic disorder reported significantly higher body image dissatisfaction, a s well as reporting frequent thoughts about their muscularity, and missed social opportunities for working out (Choi, Pope Olivardia, 2002). Men commented on concealing their appearances through clothing, checking mirrors and the use of steroids, all contributing to the experience of body dissatisfaction through body dysmorphic disorder (Choi, Pope Olivardia, 2002). Eating Disorders in Males Previously noted research in male body image is a relatively new area; the same pertains to eating disorders. Daniel Carlat, Carlos Camargo, and David Herzog (1997) assert that information on eating disorders in males inadequate and often restricted to small cases studies. Although research is restricted, eating disorders are not unusual in males (Carlat, Camargo Herzog, 1997). Differences have been found in the ways that homosexual and heterosexual men experience eating disorders, and body perception (Harvey Robinson, 2003). Unlike women who use eating disorders to obtain thinness, men strive for a lean body mass (Harvey Robinson, 2003). For this reason the criteria in diagnosing eating disorders in males is unlike females. Jeffery Harvey and John Robinson (2003) discuss how abuse of steroids and dietary supplement is examined. A 1993 study conducted by Cliff Sharp, Stella Clark, Julie Dunan, Douglas Blackwood and Colin Shapiro (1994) on 24 male anorexics, notes that eating diso rders emerge at an older age in males than in females, and men display similar behaviours of binge eating, vomiting and anxiety towards eating. Sharp, Clark, Dunan, Blackwood and Shapiro (1994) also concluded that men display a lower use of laxatives, sexual fears and higher amounts of excessive exercising. The high amounts of exercising are discussed in the context of the high male gender roles and standards set for athleticism in society. Thus Sharp, Clark, Dunan, Blackwood and Shapiro (1994) emphasized that excessive physical activity is more socially acceptable as a means of weight control in order for males to obtain a lean physique. Carlat, Camargo and Herzogs (1997) sample size of 135 males concluded that bulimia nervosa is the most common eating disorder, affecting 46% of males. An alarming 32% of the males suffered symptoms of eating disorders not otherwise specified. Only 2% of the males were diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Significantly noted, binge eating affected 11 patients. A study conducted by Daniel Carlat, Carlos Camargo and David Herzog (1997) revealed that a high number of males suffering with eating disorders are of homosexual orientation. Although only a small portion of the population identifies themselves as homosexual (3-5%), Arnold Anderson suggests that a quarter of these men may have an eating disorder (Anderson, 1999). The risks of developing eating disorders are higher for homosexual males due to the overall less satisfaction with their bodies (Herzog, Newman Warshaw, 1991). In a nonclinical sample of 43 homosexual and 32 heterosexual males by David Herzog, Kerry Newman and Meredith Wa rshaw (1991) it was found that although males in both sexual orientations current and ideal bodies selected were similar, homosexual males aspired for a physique that was underweight. The researchers attribute this desire to place men at a higher risk of developing eating disorders. Harvey and Robinson (1999) contribute the differences between homosexual and heterosexual males and the development of eating disorders are due to the societal factors surrounding the gender roles of masculinity and femininity. Looking at both Body dissatisfaction and eating disorders in males and females are experience in different ways. As noted by Christine Knauss, Susan Paxtaon and Francois Alsaker (2007), females strive for thinness while males have a goal to lose or gain weight or gain more lean muscle. Although there has not been subsequent research examining the causes of gender difference in body dissatisfaction, Nita McKinely (1999) emphasises that there is larger socio-cultural demand for females to be physically attractive in Western societies, therefore creating greater body dissatisfaction amongst girls and women. Although researchers argue that there are greater media influences on females to obtain thinness (Vaughn Fouts, 2003), males also undergo similar influences but with lean, muscular physiques (Olivardia, 2007). Over time males have been exposed to an increasingly muscular body that is contributes to higher numbers of males experiencing body image dissatisfaction (Olivardia, Pope, Borowiecki Cohane , 2004). Neala Ambrosi-Randic (2000) conducted a study on children aged 5-6 years as to their perceptions of both current and ideal body size. Ambrosi-Randic (2000) had the children indicate current and desired body size on a picture of male and female figures pre-adolescent in age. Sex differences were found in the ideal figure in females, with the girls preferring a thinner figure than boys. A 2007 study by Knauss, Paxtaon and Alsaker examined the relationships between body dissatisfaction and the internalization as well as pressure of media images in both sexes. Through a sample of 1610 adolescent males and males from different schools and socioeconomic status regions in Switzerland, the researchers found that girls felt that there is more pressure from the media to achieve ideals (d=.36), as well there is a higher internalization of body ideals (d=.37) (Knauss, Paxtaon Alsaker, 2007). Predictors of body dissatisfaction also have sex differences. Girls reveal a high correlation between body dissatisfaction and internalization (.62), and internalization and pressure (.71). A medium strength correlation is scored between BMI and body dissatisfaction (.38) and a low strength between internalization and BMI and pressure (.22). Boys displayed a medium correlation between body dissatisfaction and internalization (.38) and dissatisfaction and pressure (.41). Internalization and pressure scored a high correlation (.55), while BMI and internalization, as well as pressure and body dissatisfaction were low (.07). Knauss, Paxtaon and Alsaker (2007) concluded that there is a variance in body dissatisfaction between girls and boys, with female subjects displaying a higher overall body dissatisfaction than boys. Females internalize and feel more pressure from media ideals than boys. Males as well as females body dissatisfaction can be predicted by internalization, pressure, and BMI (Knauss, Paxtaon Alsaker, 2007). In a study examining university students from a Midwestern university, gender differences in body dissatisfaction was examined (Penkal Kurdek, 2007). It was found that women had a stronger dissatisfaction with middle parts of the body such as waist, stomach as was as display higher levels of physique anxiety. Males have a stronger dissatisfaction with facial parts (Penkal Kurdek, 2007). Jessica Lynn Penkal and Lawrence Kurdek attribute males higher dissatisfaction with facial body parts due to the evidence that women describe facial characteristics as an important desirable body characteristic (2007). In a 2004 Youth Risk behaviour study conducted by Grunbaum et al. it was reported that females engage in more eating disorder behaviours then males. Grunbaum et al. (2004), found that 29.6% of students reported themselves as being overweight, but the prevalence in females (36.1%) was much higher than males. This is not to say that males do not perceive themselves to be overweight as 23.5% of interviewed men claim to be fat (Grunbaum ,2004). In a 1989 groundbreaking meta-analysis by Geroge Hsu, asserted that eating disorders are more prevalent in women due to greater dysmorphia, poor self image and body concept, and role confusion that can occur during adolescent years. Hsu (1989) analysis revealed that over all females have higher rates of eating disorders, in a female to male ratio of 10 to 1. Although Hsus study is over 20 years old, he raise several questions that researchers are currently examining, such as the socio-cultural pressures to be thin, why there are higher occurrences in adolescents as a part of self and body concepts, identity formation and reasons for overall increase prevalence in women. Jeffery Harvey and John Robinson (2003) suggest that symptoms of eating disorders are similar between men and women but anorexia nervosa is the most challenging to diagnose in males due to amenorrhea being one of the critical warning signs in women. Amenorrhea is usually one of the first discovered symptoms of eating disorders, therefore for this reason men are often overlooked (Harvey Robinson, 2003). Another critical difference between the ways that women and men experience eating disorders is men often believe that their body is not too thin, while women continue to believe that they overweight (body dysmorphia) (Harvey Robinson, 2003). Establishing the prevalence of eating disorders in adolescents of both genders, Einar Kjelsà ¥s, Christian Bjà ¸rnstrà ¸m and Gunnar Gà ¶testam (2004) examined 1960 adolescents (1026 girls and 934 boys), 14 to 15 years of age. According to the diagnosing criteria in the DSM-IV and DSM-III-R, females experience a higher lifetime prevalence of all eating disorders (17.9%, 18.6%), anorexia nervosa (0.7%), bulimia nervosa (1.2%, 3.6%), binge eating disorder (1.5%) and eating disorders otherwise not specified (14.6%, 12.9%) (Kjelsà ¥s, Bjà ¸rnstrà ¸m Gà ¶testam, 2004). Although males did not display the same prevalence of eating disorders (6.5%), Kjelsà ¥s, Bjà ¸rnstrà ¸m, and Gà ¶testam (2004) found high numbers of boys with anorexia nervosa (0.2%), bulimia nervosa (0.4%, 0.6%), binge eating disorder (0.9%) and eating disorders otherwise not specified (5.0%, 4.%). Kjelsà ¥s, Bjà ¸rnstrà ¸m and Gà ¶testam (2004) final ratio results for eating disorders in female to males was 2.8:1, anorexia nervosa 3.5:1. Bulimia nervosa revealed a ratio of female to male of 2:1, while females and males were closely diagnosed with binge eating, with a ratio of 1.7:1. Eating disorders otherwise specific female to male ratio was 2.9:1. The total number of girls who thought they were very/slightly obese was 32.3% while only 2.6% were classified as obese (Kjelsà ¥s, Bjà ¸rnstrà ¸m Gà ¶testam, 2004). Only 15.9% of males reported perceiving themselves as very/slightly obese, while 5.1% were classified as obese. Both sexes displayed subjects who considered themselves as obese when classified as underweight or normal weight, girls 74.3% and boys 62.1% displaying distinct body image dissatisfaction (Kjelsà ¥s, Bjà ¸rnstrà ¸m Gà ¶testam , 2004). Conclusion Females appear to be at a greater risk for developing body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders through the internalization and pressure from the media (Knauss, Paxtaon Alsaker, 2007) and a higher socio-cultural demand to be physically attractive (McKinely, 1999). Although research predominately examines females, males should not be forgotten. As asserted by Olivardia (2007), males also undergo similar influences by the media. Both men and women experience anxiety towards their body, but it is experienced in different ways, therefore body dissatisfaction and eating disorders are not the same in the sexes. Females have an overwhelming desire to obtain thinness often through calorie restriction, excessive exercise and fasting (Berg, Frazier Sherr, 2009). Males desire is to attain a lean, muscular physique (Olivardia, 2007), therefore engage in such practices dieting, exercise and more dangerously steroid and ephedrine use (Harvey Robinson, 2003). In order to fully answer whether males and females experience body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders the same more research needs to be conducted examining males, body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Additionally several factors should be taken into account while conducting such research. Body dissatisfaction and eating disorder research often uses the self-report method, therefore under or over reporting is subject to occur. Kjelsà ¥s, Bjà ¸rnstrà ¸m and Gà ¶testam (2004) discuss the complications in creating survey questionnaires that are concise but can discriminate those with and without eating disorders in difference sexes. Females might over-report the rates of body dissatisfaction due to engaging in the socially valuable â€Å"fat talk†, as first asserted by Mimi Nitcher (2000). It has also been noted that when self reporting on body dissatisfaction males answers are superficial because they do not feel that the content applies to them (Kjelsà ¥s, Bjà ¸rnstrà ¸m Gà ¶testam, 2004). Many of the studies on body dissatisfaction and eating disorders use Caucasian students. This is disconcerting because the subjects are apart small population (Caucasian, educated) to draw conclusions upon. Future research needs to completed to investigate not only male body dissatisfaction and eating disorders, but also race, age and different socioeconomic statuses. 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